Jun 8 2008, 1:25 PM EST
Caution on stem cell therapy
Contact: Lee Siegel
leesiegel@ucomm.
801-581-8993
University of Utah Health Sciences
Nobel winner: More than 1 kind of adult stem cell in guts
SALT LAKE CITY A single organ may contain more than one type of adult
stem cell a discovery that complicates prospects for using the
versatile cells to replace damaged tissue as a treatment for disease,
according to a new study from the laboratory of geneticist Mario
Capecchi, the University of Utah's Nobel Laureate.
In the June 8 online issue of the journal Nature Genetics, Capecchi
and geneticist Eugenio Sangiorgi report that when they used a gene
named Bmi1 to mark the presence of adult stem cells in the intestines
of mice, they were surprised to find the specific cells mostly in the
upper third of the mouse intestine.
That indicates at least one or two other types of adult stem cells
must exist to maintain and repair the middle and lower thirds of the
mouse's guts. The small intestine in a mouse is almost 12 inches long
if stretched from end to end.
Adult stem cells are "undifferentiated" cells that can become any
type of cell in the organ in which they are found. Medical
researchers hope to transplant adult stem cells to treat various
diseases. Examples include placing adult stem cells in the pancreas
to replace damaged insulin-producing cells, in the heart to replace
cardiac muscle cells killed by heart attack, and in the brain to
replace dopamine-producing cells damaged in Parkinson's disease
patients.
The new discovery "is important because people are talking about stem
cell therapy; they want to stick in stem cells to treat disease,"
says Capecchi, a winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine.
"People always thought about a uniform stem cell population in each
organ, but now we are saying there are multiple stem cell populations
in a given organ, so if you're going to do therapy, you have to
recognize this complexity," adds Capecchi, co-chair and distinguished
professor of human genetics at the University of Utah and an
investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Sangiorgi, a postdoctoral fellow in human genetics, adds: "There are
probably different stem cells in the small intestine doing different
things."
If more than one kind of adult stem cell is required to generate the
intestinal lining, "it wouldn't be surprising to see it is true for
other organs as well," Capecchi says.
Adult stem cells have been seen as an alternative to embryonic stem
cells, which are able to become any kind of cell in the body not just
in a given organ and are obtained from test-tube fertilization of
eggs left over by couples attempting to have babies. Embryonic stem
cells have been controversial because abortion foes consider them to
be human beings rather than a small batch of cells.
Capecchi won the Nobel with Sir Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies for
developing gene targeting, a method of using embryonic stem cells
to "knock out" genes in mice, then observing what goes wrong to
determine any gene's normal function.
Getting to the Guts of Adult Stem Cells
Stem cells in the intestine are among the best studied. They are
required to produce new cells for the intestinal lining as older ones
wear out every two to five days.
"It's a hell of an environment,
in there, and enzymes to break down that food. This is a way of
maintaining the intestine intact."
The intestinal adult stem cells give rise to various cells in the
small intestine: cells to absorb foods; cells to secrete mucus that
make the lining smooth and protect it; cells involved in protecting
the organism against bacteria and other disease organisms; and cells
that produce substances involved in communication among cells.
But researchers have had trouble identifying the stem cells so they
can be studied.
"Adult stem cells are a giant black box," Sangiorgi says.
Hijacking a Gene to Unveil Stem Cells
Dutch researchers recently found a "marker" named Lgr5 to label
intestinal stem cells. Sangiorgi and Capecchi used a similar method
but a different "marker" a gene name Bmi1 which is "expressed" or
activated in adult stem cells in the intestinal lining.
Labeling stem cells containing the Bmi1 gene involved tamoxifen, a
drug used to treat and prevent breast cancer. Tamoxifen was used to
activate an enzyme in cells that contain the Bmi1 gene so that the
cells appeared blue when viewed under a microscope.
"We decided to hijack this gene to identify and label adult stem
cells in the mouse intestine," Sangiorgi says.
Sangiorgi and Capecchi showed the cells they labeled with Bmi1 indeed
were adult intestinal stem cells because they had two key properties:
they self-renewed, or made more copies of themselves, and they gave
rise to multiple kinds of other cells.
The stem cells, labeled blue, become various intestinal cells that
are replaced about every five days. Yet the blue color was seen in
intestinal tissue a year later, showing the stem cells within the
tissue were renewing themselves, dividing and making new adult stem
cells.
The geneticists also looked at the various kinds of intestinal-lining
cells that arose from adult stem cells. All of them carried the blue
tag, showing they originated from the adult stem cells.
When the geneticists used diphtheria toxin to kill the intestinal
adult stem cells, "we wiped out the small intestine," says
Capecchi. "Adult mice die within two days. That shows these stem
cells are important for making the intestine."
Sangiorgi says the big surprise, however, was that the blue-dyed
adult stem cells only appeared in normal concentrations in the upper
third of the mouse, growing progressively fewer in number farther
down the intestine, suggesting other kinds of adult stem cells must
play the key role maintaining the middle and lower intestine.
Other Discoveries about Adult Stem Cells:
Sangiorgi and Capecchi took beta catenin a gene product often found
in colon and digestive cancers and activated it in adult stem cells
from the intestinal lining. "Tumors developed very rapidly," Capecchi
says. "That suggests the stem cells are important in the formation of
cancer." There has been debate over the extent to which cancer
originates from stem cells versus the cells that are their progeny.
Sangiorgi says: "Is cancer derived from stem cells or not? In some
cases it is, in some cases it is not."
The geneticists found that the adult stem cells marked with the Bmi1
gene differed from the Dutch researchers' adult stem cells, marked
with the Lgr5 gene. The difference was their location within crypts,
which are small pits in the intestine's lining. Stem cells divide in
crypts, producing progenitor cells that become intestinal cells.
There has been debate over where adult intestinal stem cells are
found. The Utah geneticists found their Bmi1-marked adult stem cells
dividing slowly near the top of the tube-like crypt, where it bubbles
out to meet the intestine. The Dutch researchers found their Lgr5-
marked cells dividing more rapidly farther down in the crypt,
intermingled among "Paneth" cells, which produce enzymes to kill
bacteria.
Capecchi sees no contradiction: "We both may be right. We may be
looking at different phases of stem cells' life history," with the
Bmi1-marked cells at an earlier phase and the cells marked by the
other gene in a later phase.
"That says stem cell biology may be more complicated than we think,
and they may be able to go from one state to another," and also
migrating within crypts, he says. "They are still stem cells but are
at different phases of their life cycle."
###
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StemCells subscribers may also be interested in these sites:
Children's Neurobiological Solutions
http://www.CNSfoundation.org/
Cord Blood Registry
http://www.CordBlood.com/at.cgi?a=150123
The CNS Healing Group
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CNS_Healing
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